Research library

Key finding

This review describes anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, tissue-remodelling, wound-healing, and regenerative findings for GHK and GHK-Cu across laboratory and animal research.

Key finding

The review links GHK and its copper complex with collagen and glycosaminoglycan regulation, fibroblast activity, tissue repair, and multiple skin-regeneration pathways.

Key finding

In rat wound chambers, GHK-Cu increased connective-tissue accumulation and collagen-related repair activity compared with control conditions.

Key finding

In a mouse scald-wound model, GHK-Cu accelerated wound closure and supported collagen deposition and tissue remodelling.

Key finding

In normal and irradiated human dermal fibroblasts, GHK-Cu accelerated cell growth and increased early production of basic fibroblast growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor.

Key finding

This review brings together evidence on GHK-Cu and tissue repair, including dermal fibroblast function, collagen and elastin synthesis, inflammation, and gene-regulated protective pathways.

Key finding

This review brings together evidence on GHK and GHK-Cu in tissue remodelling, including fibroblast and keratinocyte activity, growth-factor signalling, inflammation, wound repair, and changes observed in aged skin.

Key finding

The study reports that results showed that mice treated with intranasal GHK-Cu had an enhanced level of cognitive performance in spatial memory and learning navigation tasks, and expressed decreased neuroinflammatory and axonal damage markers compared to mice treated with intranasal saline.

Key finding

In cultured human keratinocytes and skin-equivalent models, copper-free GHK increased cell proliferation, integrin expression, and markers associated with epidermal basal-cell stemness.

Key finding

GHK, GGH, copper chloride, and their copper complexes decreased TNF-alpha-dependent IL-6 secretion in cultured normal human dermal fibroblasts.

Key finding

Glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-copper (II) complex (GHK-Cu) is a naturally occurring tripeptide with potential healing properties.

Key finding

Glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine (GHK) is a tripeptide with affinity for copper(II) ions and was isolated from human plasma.

Key finding

Glycyl-histidyl-lysine-Cu2+ (GHK-Cu) is a tripeptide-copper complex known to be a potent wound healing agent.

Key finding

Oxidative stress, disrupted copper homeostasis, and neuroinflammation due to overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines are considered leading causative factors in development of age-associated neurodegenerative conditions.

Key finding

Topical TCC resulted in accelerated wound healing in ischemic open wounds.

Key finding

This publication examines the hair follicle-stimulating properties of peptide copper complexes. results in c3h mice.

Key finding

During human aging there is an increase in the activity of inflammatory, cancer promoting, and tissue destructive genes plus a decrease in the activity of regenerative and reparative genes.

Key finding

The tripeptide-copper complex, described as a growth factor for various kinds of differentiated cells, stimulates the proliferation of dermal fibroblasts and elevates the production of vascular endothelial growth factor, but decreased the secretion of transforming growth factor-beta1 by dermal fibroblasts.

Key finding

The plasma tripeptide glycyl-L-lysine (GHL), when added at nanomolar concentrations to a wide group of cultured systems, produces a disparate set of responses ranging from the stimulation of growth and differentiation to outright toxicity.

Key finding

Although the skin permeability of most anti-wrinkle peptides is not high enough and most anti-wrinkle peptides might not reach their targets in the skin at right concentrations, their permeability can be increased to therapeutic concentrations using various enhancement approaches.